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Lawson Criterion for Ignition Exceeded in an Inertial Fusion Experiment

H. Abu-Shawareb1, R. Acree2, P. Adams2, J. Adams2, B. Addis2, R. Aden2, P. Adrian3, B. B. Afeyan2,4, M. Aggleton1 et al. (Indirect Drive ICF Collaboration)

M. Aggleton1, L. Aghaian1, A. Aguirre2, D. Aikens2, J. Akre2, F. Albert2, M. Albrecht2, B. J. Albright5, J. Albritton2, J. Alcala1, C. Alday, Jr.1, D. A. Alessi2, N. Alexander1, J. Alfonso1, N. Alfonso1, E. Alger1, S. J. Ali2, Z. A. Ali6, W. E. Alley2, P. Amala2, P. A. Amendt2, P. Amick2, S. Ammula2, C. Amorin2, D. J. Ampleford7, R. W. Anderson2, T. Anklam2, N. Antipa2, B. Appelbe8, C. Aracne-Ruddle2, E. Araya1, M. Arend2, P. Arnold2, T. Arnold2, J. Asay7, L. J. Atherton2, D. Atkinson2, R. Atkinson1, J. M. Auerbach2, B. Austin1, L. Auyang2, A. S. Awwal2, J. Ayers2, S. Ayers2, T. Ayers9, S. Azevedo2, B. Bachmann2, C. A. Back1, J. Bae1, D. S. Bailey2, J. Bailey7, T. Baisden2, K. L. Baker2, H. Baldis2,†, D. Barber1, M. Barberis2, D. Barker2, A. Barnes2, C. W. Barnes5, M. A. Barrios2, C. Barty2, I. Bass2, S. H. Batha5, S. H. Baxamusa2, G. Bazan2, J. K. Beagle2, R. Beale2, B. R. Beck2, J. B. Beck5, M. Bedzyk10, R. G. Beeler, II2, R. G. Beeler, III2, W. Behrendt2, L. Belk2, P. Bell2, M. Belyaev2, J. F. Benage7, G. Bennett7, L. R. Benedetti2, L. X. Benedict2, R. Berger2, T. Bernat2, L. A. Bernstein2,11,12, B. Berry1, L. Bertolini2, G. Besenbruch1,†, J. Betcher9, R. Bettenhausen2, R. Betti10, B. Bezzerides5,†, S. D. Bhandarkar2, R. Bickel2, J. Biener2, T. Biesiada2, K. Bigelow13, J. Bigelow-Granillo13, V. Bigman7, R. M. Bionta2, N. W. Birge5, M. Bitter14, A. C. Black2, R. Bleile2, D. L. Bleuel2, E. Bliss2, E. Bliss2, B. Blue2, T. Boehly10, K. Boehm1, C. D. Boley2, R. Bonanno2, E. J. Bond2, T. Bond2, M. J. Bonino10, M. Borden2, J.-L. Bourgade15, J. Bousquet1, J. Bowers2, M. Bowers2, R. Boyd2, A. Bozek1, D. K. Bradley2, K. S. Bradley5, P. A. Bradley5, L. Bradley1, L. Brannon1, P. S. Brantley2, D. Braun2, T. Braun2, K. Brienza-Larsen6, T. M. Briggs2, J. Britten2, E. D. Brooks2, D. Browning2, M. W. Bruhn2, T. A. Brunner2, H. Bruns2, G. Brunton2, B. Bryant2, T. Buczek10, J. Bude2, L. Buitano16, S. Burkhart2, J. Burmark2, A. Burnham2, R. Burr2, L. E. Busby2, B. Butlin2, R. 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Silva1, A. N. Simakov5, B. T. Sims16, D. Sinars7, P. Singh1, H. Sio3,2, K. Skulina2, S. Skupsky10, S. Slutz7, M. Sluyter16, V. A. Smalyuk2, D. Smauley2, R. M. Smeltser7, C. Smith2, I. Smith7, J. Smith1, L. Smith2, R. Smith9, R. Sohn1, S. Sommer2, C. Sorce10, M. Sorem5, J. M. Soures10, M. L. Spaeth2, B. K. Spears2, S. Speas7, D. Speck2, R. Speck2, J. Spears2, T. Spinka2, P. T. Springer2, M. Stadermann2, B. Stahl1, J. Stahoviak7, L. G. Stanton2,40, R. Steele2, W. Steele2,†, D. Steinman1,†, R. Stemke1, R. Stephens1, S. Sterbenz6, P. Sterne2, D. Stevens2, J. Stevers2, C. B. Still2,†, C. Stoeckl10, W. Stoeffl2, J. S. Stolken2, C. Stolz2, E. Storm2, G. Stone2, S. Stoupin2, E. Stout2, I. Stowers2, R. Strauser1, H. Streckart1, J. Streit13, D. J. Strozzi2, T. Suratwala2, G. Sutcliffe3, L. J. Suter2, S. B. Sutton2, V. Svidzinski2, G. Swadling2, W. Sweet1, A. Szoke2,†, M. Tabak2, M. Takagi2, A. Tambazidis1, V. Tang2, M. Taranowski2, L. A. Taylor2, S. Telford2, W. Theobald10, M. Thi1, A. 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Weber2, P. Weber2, S. V. Weber2, P. Wegner2, B. Welday2, L. Welser-Sherrill5, K. Weiss2, K. Widmann2, G. F. Wheeler2, W. Whistler2,†, R. K. White2, H. D. Whitley2, P. Whitman2, M. E. Wickett2, C. Widmayer2, J. Wiedwald2, R. Wilcox12, S. Wilcox2, C. Wild41, B. H. Wilde5, C. H. Wilde5, K. Wilhelmsen2, M. D. Wilke5,†, H. Wilkens1, P. Wilkins2, S. C. Wilks2, E. A. Williams2, G. J. Williams2, W. Williams2, W. H. Williams2, D. C. Wilson5, B. Wilson2, E. Wilson2, R. Wilson2, S. Winters2, J. Wisoff2, M. Wittman10, J. Wolfe2, A. Wong2, K. W. Wong2, L. Wong2, N. Wong2, R. Wood2, D. Woodhouse1, J. Woodruff2,†, D. T. Woods2, S. Woods1, B. N. Woodworth2, E. Wooten1, A. Wootton2, K. Work6, J. B. Workman5, J. Wright2, M. Wu7, C. Wuest6, F. J. Wysocki5, H. Xu1, M. Yamaguchi1, B. Yang2, S. T. Yang2, J. Yatabe2, C. B. Yeamans2, B. C. Yee2, S. A. Yi5, L. Yin5, B. Young2, C. S. Young5, C. V. Young2, P. Young2, K. Youngblood1, R. Zacharias2, G. Zagaris2, N. Zaitseva2, F. Zaka2, F. Ze2, B. Zeiger9, M. Zika2, G. B. Zimmerman2, T. Zobrist2, J. D. Zuegel10, and A. B. Zylstra2 (Indirect Drive ICF Collaboration)

  • 1General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
  • 2Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
  • 3Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
  • 4Polymath Research Inc., 827 Bonde Court, Pleasanton, California, USA 94566
  • 5Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
  • 6Nevada National Security Site, 232 Energy Way, North Las Vegas, Nevada 89030, USA
  • 7Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
  • 8Imperial College London, Plasma Physics, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
  • 9Luxel Corporation, P.O. Box 1879, 60 Saltspring Drive, Friday Harbor, Washington 8250, USA
  • 10Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
  • 11University of California at Berkeley, Department of Nuclear Engineering, 4165 Etcheverry Hall, Berkeley, California 94720-1730, USA
  • 12Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
  • 13Gryphon Technologies, 303 Lindbergh Avenue, Livermore, California 94551, USA
  • 14Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, 100 Stellarator Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
  • 15CEA/DAM/DIF, 91297 Arpajon cedex, France
  • 16National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. 20585, USA
  • 17SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
  • 18University of New Mexico, Department of Nuclear Engineering, MSC01 1120, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, USA
  • 19University of Michigan, Climate & Space Research Building, 2455 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2143, USA
  • 20Kentech Instruments Ltd., Isis Building, Howbery Park, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BD, United Kingdom
  • 21Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
  • 22Department of Physics, Clarendon Lab, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
  • 23Spectral Sciences Inc., 4 Fourth Avenue, Burlington, Massachusetts 01803-3304, USA
  • 24Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology ILT, 52066 Aachen, Germany
  • 25RWTH Aachen University, 52066 Aachen, Germany
  • 26Optical Sciences Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
  • 27United States Naval Research Laboratory, Plasma Physics Division, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, D.C. 20375, USA
  • 28Washington State University, Office of Research, P.O. Box 641060, Pullman, Washington 99164-1060, USA
  • 29Laboratoire pour l’utilisation des Lasers Intenses chez École Polytechnique, F-91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
  • 30University of Nevada at Reno, Department of Physics, MS 0220, 1664. Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
  • 31Université of Paris-Saclay, CEA, LMCE, 91680 Bruyères-le-Châtel, France
  • 32Department of Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
  • 33GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstrasse 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
  • 34University of California at Los Angeles, Department of Physics & Astronomy, 475 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1547, USA
  • 35SUNY Geneseo, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Integrated Science Center, Geneseo, New York 14454, USA
  • 36Focused Energy Inc., 11525-B Stonehollow Drive, Suite 200, Austin Texas 78758, USA
  • 37Lund University, MAX IV Laboratory, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
  • 38Townes Laser Institute, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
  • 39Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford OC11 0QX, United Kingdom
  • 40Department of Mathematics and Statistics, San Jose State University, San Jose, California 95192, USA
  • 41Diamond Materials Gmbh, 79108 Freiburg, Germany

  • *Full author and affiliation list is given at the end of the Letter.
  • †Deceased.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 075001 – Published 8 August, 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.075001

Abstract

For more than half a century, researchers around the world have been engaged in attempts to achieve fusion ignition as a proof of principle of various fusion concepts. Following the Lawson criterion, an ignited plasma is one where the fusion heating power is high enough to overcome all the physical processes that cool the fusion plasma, creating a positive thermodynamic feedback loop with rapidly increasing temperature. In inertially confined fusion, ignition is a state where the fusion plasma can begin “burn propagation” into surrounding cold fuel, enabling the possibility of high energy gain. While “scientific breakeven” (i.e., unity target gain) has not yet been achieved (here target gain is 0.72, 1.37 MJ of fusion for 1.92 MJ of laser energy), this Letter reports the first controlled fusion experiment, using laser indirect drive, on the National Ignition Facility to produce capsule gain (here 5.8) and reach ignition by nine different formulations of the Lawson criterion.

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Corrections

16 August, 2022

Correction: The first initial of the 905th author (S. Patankar) was erroneously presented and has been fixed. The name of the 663rd author (O. L. Landen) appeared with a mistakenly applied footnote indicator, which has been removed. The omission of author names A. S. Awwal, T. Boehly, A. Fisher, M. S. Freeman, R. R. Leach, N. D. Masters, B. T. Sims, J. S. Stolken, M. Tobin, R. M. Vignes, and A. Wootton has been fixed.

Viewpoint

Fusion Turns Up the Heat

Published 8 August, 2022

A laser-fusion scheme has achieved ignition—an important step on the road to energy production.

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